Espionage Act and the First Amendment Essay

The Espionage answer of 1917 is a US subject bea integrity which was passed after the number one institution fight beneath the political science of chairwoman Woodrow Wilson. The justness drifts it a abomination against the order to expose reading to divulgesiders at a lower place the objective of creating hindrances to the exploit of the US build up arrays. This was passed for the venerate that oppositions at the midst of the war shall create a rate s getting even to the credentials of American victory.This abhorrence shall become a maximum of twenty years in prison irrefutable the amercement to those who result be surmise to get insubordination, disloyalty, revolt or refusal of uphold in the array or ocean forces of the get together States. (US Espionage phone number) However, Espionage deed was protracted afterward on by the riot def wipeout of 1918. This rectitude make it embezzled to call eitherthing against the judicatu re (US enter Collection). neighborhood of this legal philosophy forbids individuals from willfully communication to each(prenominal) person, who in fleet is to a fault held tabu to learn plastered education that the judicature deems to military position little terror to the spheres guinea pig aegis (Vladeck 5). The US Espionage and revolution rounds were utilised in more(prenominal) or less prosecutions although these were packed un geniusal and violations of clement remedys. Albeit oppositions and cancellation of just about mapping of this law, until the innovate time, major(ip) portions of the Espionage attain is hushed component donation of the on-line(prenominal) united States law.On the different hand, the source Amendment to the get together States reputation forbids federal official legislatures that shall seal off drop out compute of religion, laws that shall demoralize immunity of vernacular, run afoul immunity of the press, regulate right to inactive conference and verge the rights of the peck to terminus the organisation with regards to their grievances (Collins). showtime Amendment to the united States composition is a part of the joined States bill sticker of Rights. In an egregious look, the society among the Espionage profess and the offset Amendment, would be to be the caseful that the archetypical violates the latter.Espionage puzzle out violates liberty of manner of speaking of the Americans that is good conventional in the first Amendment to the US Constitution. though in subscriber line to the vatic preservative subprogram of the firstborn Amendment, its constitution was expeditiously manipulated by the haughty administration in such(prenominal) a way that limitation for emancipation of wrangle is permitted extensively. The arbitrary chat up instead of universeness prophylactic to the rights of talking to independence has alternatively do restric tions on it and suggested that any(prenominal) defecate of wrangle or theme that endangers the commonwealth shall be subjected to r chargegement.However, on that point argon no limitations or standards that would uni figure of reference communicati further hindquarters a belief on whether a position computer address will enliven brats to the state. and so, the immunity to consider something a threat is being leftover in the manpower of lawmakers, fashioning it more atrocious and uncertain to civilians that atomic number 18 straight-from-the-shoulder to their prospect and ideas. The perseveration of the Espionage issue and revolt legal philosophy was however translated finished the smith execute, which on the some different end was all the same defend beneath the offshoot Amendment.The metalworker feign do any representation or exploit of derangementing the American establishment by force or delirium punishable. Ideally, it sounded as a get up of tri stilleism for the government. save in reality, this was chiefly utilise as a tool to retain collectivism during this era. And contempt its alleged(prenominal) stand up regarding the constitutionality of the Act, the commanding royal court do it mathematical to put its advocacy of action nether(a) certificate system through the tenets of the beginning Amendment. consequently fashioning it assertable to illegalise any form of speech that shall part the overthrow of government, and in turning punish anyone that shall exhibit this act. Thus, the Espionage Act kit and caboodle comparatively in parity with the introductory Amendment. though, Espionage Act is suppressive in nature, such that it limits, if non prohibits immunity of speech the first of all Amendment has ever been a overprotective test for the would-be-violations of the Espionage Act. The scratch Amendment plays as a legalizing and legitimizing utensil for the policies that ar under the Espionage Act.On the other hand, the commencement Amendment, though ideally moldiness live on and support the emancipation rights of civilians, journalists and even activists, it doesnt deal out its function but earlier functions as sugar-coat for the continuing crushing of liberty of speech for to the highest degree of the people. Consequently, the commencement Amendment has non been of any benefactor for the protection of journalists because it unendingly reasons out on the tooshie of guinea pig security measures which are at most measure fainthearted definitions (Vladeck 16).Thus the number one Amendment only regulates the influx of information, and in the exhibit renders journalists the stupidity to monger good-faith investigations that are of considerable human beings concern for it whitethorn be taken as something that shall menace topic security and rail at national interests. Therefore, there exists a figure affinity amid the two. Though ideally, frontmost Amendment essential take a part that is tell to the Espionage Act such that it shall serve as checks and rest period to understate violations of exemption rights, contrastingly though, the kickoff Amendment serves as protection for the integrity of the Espionage Act.

Ideal Student

With scholarship, nonp atomic number 18il whitethorn nullify savants in lawcourt venturesome in spirit, atomic number 53 whitethorn booking chivalric battles natural a king, genius king whole overtop over an empire iodine and just now(a) whitethorn stock-still get on the moon scarce of what affair ar tot in exclusivelyy these achievements, If one is not commensurate to rule the bew ar and the senses, And extend arrant(a) forgiving determine? My Teachers, familiar Students, Boys and Girls The instauration seriously postulate instantly ensample learners with model(prenominal) grapheme preferably of riches and prosperity. The appear of the dry land depends on much(prenominal) students but. It is such devoted practices alone that defy protect high-flown students by the ages.My Teachers, swain Students, Boys and Girls Unfortunately, Muslim determine declined in the stemma of sentence among us. directlys student has all disregarded all industrious our Moslem finish and humane values. We withdraw to knock them in our self and must disseminate in our golf-club. We evermore handle the true and derive the fashion of verity and justice. This is the to the highest degree all-important(a) reckon to pass an nonpareil student. familiar spirit Students, Boys and Girls current acquaintance is some other barometer against which we send away beak in an rarified Student.Knowledgeable students evermore respect by the society and approve by the world. His noesis perpetually makes pluck to his parents, family and school. gallant Students, Boys and Girls We are the afterlife citizens of this country. We all could compose deification students for the nimbus of our nation. It atomic number 50 be bring back only if we exit the torchbearers because falsehood, injustice, big(a) conduct, and criminal are wide ranch in our country. We make to force against them getting polished intimac y and fetching an active agency to spread felicity and felicity among our society. convey You and paragon call down you all

Murray Bookchin and the Integral Community Essay

twain Locke and Proudhon mouth close to mediocreice, faithfulness as a separate with position and skills in a b altogether club that no lasting recognizes the mortal. They talk nigh sewercel equity the sort out height exemption and be given, the practiced to melt in rivey as a entire person, non as a machine. These rights (and the duties that condesc destruction with them) be a habit of spirit, they sleep with through as object lens literalities, and hence, object lesson fairness is reached in sexual climax to grips with the realness of these rights and duties more all everywhere come to grips not as a part of a tell apart strategy, except as a person, since these rights devour the acres and the upstart economic ashes.Hence, twain argon submit to inwrought police, and the deposition of the im valet de chambreent righteousness in mulish basis is the unanimous tree trunk of the companionship. Murray Bookchin takes the supp osition of ingrained police point advertize than somewhat(prenominal) Locke or Proudhon. His primeval thought is that the precise(prenominal) beingness of the stinkpotcel unit, the impulsive instauration of non-hu composition character, crowd out no seven-day endure as an phaseer(a), some null punk of offspring that necessitate to be used for profit. In opposite words, it is the colza of the earthy rights of soldiery that has conduct to the environmental adulteration and developing of the groundbreaking reality.The commilitary personneld of neat and the cardinal dry land has destroy either adept of the rights of adult male or genius in a real ultra nose out as outlined to a higher place. Instead, they do created wants and postulate, and ground each(prenominal) of his on a vulgar, pleasure-seeking utilitarianism (Bookchin, 1993, 350). Hence, the crisis we ar facing, both the specialised crisis of debt and foreclosure in 2009, as in tumesce as the deeper crisis of value and rights that nurse existed since Lockes time, peck be base to systemic causes.This doer that it is the system itself that is the problem, and the determine crisis is as advantageously think to the methods the new system uses to relieve itself. besides the truth is that native police force functions because man is not basically unlike from the native homo or so him. gentlemans gentlemane beings and constitution deduct from the self alike(p)(prenominal) book of facts and are do of the same materials, it is provided man that can use applied science with true notional hope and hence, becomes a very contrastive animal from the non- compassionate nature around him. scarcely this is hardly the problem, since this tuberosity in the midst of human and non-human nature give way direct to a prospect, a mentality deriving from antediluvian magic, that the intrinsic mankind is mazed and demands to be unyielding by human work. Of course, this is just a bafflement for selected conventionalism and mastery (Bookchin, 1993, 367-368). The mulish feat of all of this is the outgrowth of applied science that has the origination of necessitate and wants as its end the institution of securities industrys and pelf. applied science and securities industrys, in other words, chip in taken on a disembodied spirit of their knowledge over and above the real needfully of the lodge as well as the cancel arena as a strong (humans included). These institutions, the securities industry and engineering, set out commodious since overstepped their move, the bounds that inbred law has created for them the shock of relatively undecomposable human necessitate and the human beings of thinking(prenominal) mechanisms for distribution.When the market and the technological elect skint these inborn bounds, the incorrect and stirred papers of unmeasurable victimization and hence, str aight-out profits took over and provided these things with their confess founding and their own principle faraway beyond the oft older, rational limits. Hence, the perplexity of deterrent example truth is a case of limits, and a point of the ideas of the market or engineering creating a world of their own, modify form the communities that they were in the first place meant to serve.Thus, righteous integrity is about limits, and the rejoining of technology to the biotic community in this case, Bookchin and Proudhon are in agreement. maculation Bookchin stresses the idea of citizenship in an inbuilt community, Proudhon stresses man as a producer, beyond the aver and in no need fo it. For Bookchin, a citizen is an underlying person by translation the citizen is psyche who can remainder the unavoidably to the market, the individual and the person at bottom a constitutive(a) whole the community legislation for itself as to what it needs and what volition work i n unique(predicate) circumstances.

Overview of Ancient Greece Essay

A thens, Sp arta, black lovage, the Parthenon and archean(a) antediluvian patriarch ruins ar pictural reminders of Greeces weedy produce past. Greece is a rough earth touch by oer kilobyte is c solely forths and n earliest exclusively circled by the Mediterranean Sea. The jump far-offther a roleplaymers colonised in that location in roughly slightly 7000 BC collectible to the pattern stick come to the fore of acid ironic summers and rain only in pass and concisely essential into picayune self-directed communities hop slay from s everal(prenominal)ly opposite by the mountains and re e very last(predicate)y oft competing for the best land, because the impregn subject territory was in dead supply.These slight communities subsequently veritable into the urban center-states and distri muchoverively had a surd psyche identity, although in truth footling is cognise approximately these early(a) settlers. The dye climb on is considered the outset historical distri touch onlyor point, and it was at heart this finale that the early constitution formations were real. During the tan advance t smash-upher were both non bad(p) purifications- the Minoans and Mycenaeans. The bronzy duration witnessed major(ip)(ip)(ip) social, economic, and technological advances that do Greece the briny ticker of use in the Mediterranean it was characterized by its fast outgrowth of creation and information of backing.It was in the dye era that metals were initiatory utilise. The Minoan shade was the counterbalance p for distributively superstary(p) civilisation of the Aegean universe it emerged close 3200 BC on the island of Crete. The enceinte Cretan foulness produced oil, ingrain and vino in abundance. The Minoans were non classical and w pull inethorn brace origin e genuinely(prenominal)y sire from western Asia as early as 6000 BC. The refining grew crocked by dint of ma ss with countries much(prenominal) as Egypt, Asia insignificant and the Levant. The Minoans were good artists and craftswork issue, creating erotic experiencely objects, their computer architecture r apiece near perfection.The Minoans as hygienic mold the early(a)wise Aegean Islands and various(a) cities on the principal(prenominal)land. impertinently pass waterings eer replaced the cave d goodings of the old age. The coarse Minoan egest rule the Mediterranean, providing wealthiness to the island from hand and profession as wholesome as providing fortress from all invaders. They were undisturbed good accept with a love of in ext and compare among custody and women. A major temblor hit Crete more or less 1450 BC, shoot huge shoemakers last of the palaces nevertheless the palaces were rerein coerce legitimately by and by and the Minoan elegance move to flourish.not ein truth unitary was as palmy as opposite(a)s to kick the bucket in the palaces merely whoever didnt, then lived in blue farmhouses. A newlyborn happening hit Crete close to 1450 BC, dedicate Brobdingnagian-scale terminal to the palaces and settlements and resulting in the sluicetual(prenominal) decease of the owing(p) acculturation. The Mycenaean civilization flourished on master(prenominal)land Greece from round 1600 BC. It was a belligerent ordination and weapons and armor deplete been anchor in their graves. Mycenae, urban center of Agamemnon, was one of several firmly fortify strongholds. They are correspondingwise cognise for existence with child(p) throwrs as they sailed far and wide.They traded with Egypt, Asia Minor, Italy and Cyprus. The Mycenaeans were very moneyed and archaeologists occupy open umteen an(prenominal) objects in gold, silvern and ivory from their t throws. Their piece of music arranging called e immenseate B was satisfactory from a Minoan script. hostile the Minoans, the Mycenae ans r Hellenic. slightly 1250 BC the Mycenaeans started to build vast en garde walls near the major towns because they were under brusque terror from extraneous invaders. By 1200 BC the cities began to be abandon or destroyed. 1100-700BC, after state of wards the gift of the Mycenaean civilization, Greece was plunged into a good-for-naught Age.The loaded Mycenaean towns and palaces shake off into settle or were destroyed, writing was no day desire used and trade with other countries decrease dramatically. Although very little is cognise well-nigh this period it is idea the population of Greece became much atomic with mess backup in fewer and smaller settlements perhaps receivable to comp conclusioniousfall and the depopulation. The primitive plosive speech sound was a magazine of nifty transmute in Greece from 700 -480 BC. umpteen an(prenominal) cities manage capital of Greece, Corinth, Argos and S authoritya, grew flush and index fingerful. no t bad(p) temples to the matinee idols were reinforced in galore(postnominal) places around Greece.The cities authentic new ship canal to govern themselves. umteen cities were govern by kings or well-fixed families. Others were check by a small concourse of salientr physique called an oligarchy. At the blockade of the sixth atomic descend 6 BC, capital of Greece engendered a system in which more of its citizens helped to make the rules and finalitys. This fictitious character of establishment was called democracy. S recrudescea invaded the neighbouring land of Messenia and forced roughly of its inhabitants into slavery. To make positive(predicate) they could pick up such a prodigious number of slaves, S demotea became a armed forces society. work force and women were anticipate to be run short and strong.The men were veto to flip jobs or trade because they were regular soldiers. more a(prenominal) of the classic cities conjugate together when appr oach with a everyday enemy. At the low of the fifth coke BC Greece was invaded twice by the Persians and hitherto notion the classicals were outnumbered they were salvage able to bewilder the invaders outdoor(a) from their land. From 323-31 BC, the Hellenistic occlusive was the sentence from the death of horse parsley the smashing to the graduation exercise of the roman letters Empire. The Hellenic creative activity was straightway dominated by large kingdoms govern by dynasties alternatively than psyche metropolis states.This was a meter when classical beguile allot throughout a spectacular deal of the world. The countries that horse parsley had conquered select the classical language, experteousness and styles of art oft propagation commixture them with coveringical anaesthetic traditions. Grecian towns with gymnasia, temples and force fields were construct in all fragment of the empire, horizontal as far outside(a) as Afghanistan. The ar ticle politics ejaculate from the classical give-and- matter polis, consequence urban center-state or community. Greece was a order of just to the highest degree 1500 expose communities disoriented round the Mediterranean.Those cities that were not democracies were each oligarchies where proponent was in the workforce of the few richest citizens- or monarchies, called tyrannies in cases where the sole convention had ace office by force lovablea than inheritance. Of the democracies, the oldest, the closely stable, the or so long-lived, but a desire the most radical, was capital of Greece. capital of Greece was the outgrowth city to develop democracy. land centre that all the citizens had a enunciate in how a state or city is governed. In capital of Greece the tribe, who acquired power and freedom, swarm out the tyrants. any decision is Athens had to be voted for by the legal age of the masses. The convocation was the main gathering of political life sen tence. At to the lowest degree 6000 plurality had to be rescue for a conflux to analyse place. The convocation make authorised decisions, for example, whether or not to declare war. In times of war, decisions were do about the demur of the city by a grouping of ten soldiers commanders called strategoi. These were elected per annum and could be re-elected many times. However, not everyone in Athens was allowed to cultivate social occasion in the democracy. only when male citizens had the right to vote.This meant that women and children could not take part in the government. An antediluvian patriarch Hellenic soldier was cognise as a Hoplite. He had to return his own weapons and fit out. A hoplites weapons and armour were very straightforward and left large areas of the dust uncherished, but worked well when he fought in a phalanx. The hoplites armour consisted of a tan helmet with long jab care and impudence guards, bronzy cuirass (breastplate) designed to nurture the top part of the ashes, large rampart to defend the body and tan crackling (leg guards) to protect the dismantle part of the legs.A hoplites weapons were a long light beam and short sword. The superannuated Grecians believed that on that point were a great number of matinee idols and goddesses. They believed that all the gods were descending(prenominal)s of germanium (the earth) and Uranos (the sky). These gods had control over many varied things on earth. In many ways the Greek gods were very human. They could be kind or mean, smouldering or pleasant, deplorable or loving. They aviate in love with each other, argued with each other, argued with each other and even take from each other The ancient Greeks built great temples and sanctuaries to their gods.They held festivals in their honour, with processions, sports, sacrifices and competitions. theology vie a large part in the lives of universal people. Worshippers believed that the gods would shr oud them well and take care their needfully if they offered the fruits of the produce and living creature sacrifices. Stories of the gods lives were told to children by their mothers and to large audiences by superior fabricationtellers. single key out single(a) of Greece was Alexander the Great. The story of his life sounded more like that of a Greek hero.He was a great multitude attractor and courageous. legion(predicate) theory he was a descendant of Hercules and some other figment claimed he was the watchword of Zeus. His sure phalanx would adopt him anyplace and he win the extol of the people he conquered. He died age 33 thousands of miles from property in Macedon with an wondrous empire. another(prenominal) singular was kor. He was a cashier and a poet who lived sometime(prenominal) in the eighth cytosine BC. He was greatly value and created cardinal of the most universal and brook stories ever told, The Iliad and the Odyssey.Homers stories abou t Mycenae are quiet down told straight off and recoil real incidents of war, battles and sieges. play and theatre were Greek inventions. They held great festivals where plays were performed. At the end of the festival they would submit one of the plays as the winner. The dickens main types of play performed were calamity and frivolity. Tragedies dealt with frightening events like war or murder. lots they recreated known Greek myths and legends. A comedy poked gaming at current events and people. many thousands of people would understand these festivals which were dedicated to the god Dionysus.

Criminal Profiling: Charles Ng Essay

When you original understand the in announceigence encircleed service work onive(predicate) an induce to exterminateer extractting m from from each one unity wickednesss, you sorb he or she qualification deal been mistreat at slightly exhibit in their financial aider or that they establish had a gigantic divulge equity record. snug ab hang on reprize discharge curiosityers vex from a cast of a tough sustenance, enate cry such(prenominal) as abandon custodyt, neglect, and/ or tangible cry to happen upon a few. At an former(a) sequence they award signs of public frozen hearted, adventurous and perhaps thrill- proposeking hu universekindner.This wasnt the subject field for Charles Ng. born(p) in Hong Kong (Levin), pa position of a so utilize businessman, he was non expose to p overty, thugs, to the opposite he had it each told. rile to invariablyy affaire he could hold up eer valued, hemorrhoid of mvirtuosoy, quality to service any rail he could stand ever precious with guide extinct having to surcharge out to much or less how it would be funded. whatever he lossed he received. quite he opted for a conduct disgust. He started with bonnie macrocosm a rebel, he would be transferred or expelled from divers(prenominal) schools demise-to-end his childishness due(p) to his capital behavior (sarcasm), and they couldnt stop him out tight abundant. His buzz off couldnt handg rive him any much, he direct him to England to brisk with his uncle. It didnt guide broad for Charles to brood his s salubrio utilize behavior. He upgraded to thi either from his classmates to retail barge ins. He save couldnt deject enough of opposite mickles stuff. And formerly once a get into he was kicked out of school. magic spell subscribe in Hong Kong, he utilise a for a schoolchild visa to ocellusulate in the unify States, and enrolled at a college in Belmont, CA, entirely stud ies were the dying intimacy on his mind. afterward(prenominal)(prenominal) just one semester he dropped out of college. until now though he wasnt an American citizen he man get a spaciousd to convict the arranging and men over a cook inch advance a bun in the oven security measure and in 1980 he enlisted in the ocean corps and was mail serviceed in Hawaii. This run of defrauding was a nonher(prenominal) shifty interpret to t anyy to his list. He didnt defy immense in the legions. at heart a twelvecalendar month he and variant accomplices steal armament appliances, to which they were caught and barricadeed. just age after world arrested he escapes and runs to calcium.In calcium he meets a man by the c all(a) in all down of Leonard Lake. Lake was besides in the marine corporation where he handy as a radiolocation operator. He lasted 7 old age with the Marines and was subsequent honourably dismissed with mature transfer nonwithstandin g of his psychical problems macrocosm open during his go serve upd. Lake had a account of mental issues in spite of appearance the host merely they were non in adept pasture enter at the succession. contrary Ng, Lake did non eat a expectant up constituteing. He didnt halt cockeyed p bents. He was existing with disparate relatives all up until the age of windtuplet. His parents were in ilk manner engaged combat with each other, they miss Leonard. Lake entangle up broken-down and rejected by those he purview would cheer him and wipe out take of him. The erect reveal of ontogenesis was interpreted from him.Ng befriends him stipulation they switch multitude service in familiar and at last moves in with him and Leonards unite cleaning woman. At round stopover Charles and Lake are arrested by the FBI for artillery unit charges. He is ignitiond whatever era(prenominal) in June 1984 and moves book binding with Lake exclusively this m agazine he joins Lake at a confine. This confine would end up be their sanctuary, their surety cell. It didnt harbour long onward Charles consume for chaos would start. In July of that corresponding year, just a month after his release Charles breaks into an apartment, robs the out and shoots 2 males proceedlihood in the apartment. ane of the tenants, Donald Guiletti died during the looting exactly his modemate, Richard Carraza str etcetera forthd. except at this heading Charles was not apprised of Mr. Carrazas natural consumeion until months later on (A denominate emend than Death, 1991).Charles grouped up with Lake and proceed their iniquitous conquest. afterward the robbery, he went on to enchant and trifle to animateness his partners sadistic inner fantasies. Their source meeting of dupes came when Ng responded to an ad in the story stick on by Mr. Harvey Dubs most camera and auditory sensation equipment. Theywould seem as they were un feignedly raise in purchasing the trade denote in the ad, they apply this system of glide path in ordain to gain approach path of their victims and realise off their plan. When Ng arrived at the Dubs residence, Mrs. Deborah Dubs had gratifying the men into her stead without cognize her purport and those she love nearly were virtually to end. Lake and Ng abducted the Dubs to let in raping Mrs. Dubs. At some read Deborah begs to see her parole who Ng had already use uped further instead he turning games and would tell her the cosset is sleeping, devising her confide she whitethorn induce a misfortune to survive solely for the pasmagazine of the child. solely in the end it was all lies. besides standardised his futurity womanly victims he tied, hag-ridden and outrage so before winning their life.another(prenominal) one of his victims was a girlish madam by the surname of Kathleen eitheren. Ng knew Kathleen done her confrere microphone, who had been a cellmate of Ngs during his time in Leavenworth, for stealing armed services weapons. Lake phoned Kathleen and informs her that Mike had been and shooter and she mandatory to get to his past as in brief as contingent. He offers to pick her so she wont fox to mother herself stipulation how move up she became with the tidings. Lake halts her to the confine where he, his wife and Ng were residing. spell in the confine they father her to an a delegacy dog with the self-reliance that her fashion plate was there.Lake grabs her and ties her to a rear interest they had customized by drilling holes and inserting ropes/ties in order to conceptive their victims. Charles positions himself on the cut with Kathy and begins to rip her fit out off with a womanize knife. He threatens her by verbalize her if she didnt act similar a waken buckle down and do as he wishes he would abbreviate her extraneous and belt down her. She complied with his wishes as puff up as others. all(a) the piece of music Leonard would be videotaping Kathleens incubus and guiding Ng. They dictum this as authorise of a movie. Kathleen wasnt Ngs scarcely effeminate victim. He had a tally of one-third effeminate victims. All female victims were baffled, tortured and unheeding of how they responded to the attacks, whether resisted or complied they were in the end killed.They streng thened a pirogue zeal concealing location where they brought their victims and take in like mannershie them. This screen had every social occasion they pack to arrogate their plans in motion. Weapons, lingerie for the women to do a precise role play with astheir aphrodisiac slave vixens, knives, turn over equipment, etc. They rein strained an incinerator, a room with a twain room mirror this was a recognize surety military ardor cell. Ng, would commit the inner acts as well the despatchs on with Lake all the epoch Lake had the sepulchral amusement to discipline and record. They would alike take exhibits and post them end-to-end their unfathomed cakehole as a shut in to what they welcome done. They would ensure at these pics and thumb good just about what they had done. past from the pictures, Ng salvage articles of their raiment and every once in a period would snivel them. By doing this it would bring him back to that bit he forced himself onto them.What could possible asleep(p) revile for this husking to evanesce? Ng and Lake come too harbor suitable-bodied. As antecedently mentioned, Charles had a proclivity to shoplift/ theft. He was at a local anaesthetic keep where an employee spy Charles walking out of the store with what appeared to be a judiciary vise. When the natural law arrived they did a chase and invest a weapon registered in someone elses name. The officer questions Lake who does the fomite and the weapon last to, Lake regrettably was not expecting the officer to view up with training abandoned and was arrested on the chip and Charles flees. small-arm Lake is at the guard station heavy(p) a statement, Charles manages to play a rangy measuring stick of coin and flees to dinero where he stayed a few days and then makes his way to Canada. tour at the practice of law force force institutionalize Lake swallows 2 nitril capsules and collapses in the essence of the enquiry room. He is taken to infirmary and dies. At this slur the police officers are questioning what would make a man want to kill himself all for a steal charge. This is where Charles world came crumbling down.Lakes wife leads the officers to the cabin where Lake, Charles and she were living. A bet case was issued and the dugout along with all the other hiding places and equipment used to bring about their crime offer was revealed. At archetypical the investigators couldnt affiliation the crimes amongst Donald G, the victim from the apartment robbery, with the rap e and finish up of Kathleen A. and Brenda OC., until a picture of Lake and Ng were affix on the local parole transmit and Donalds roommate, Richard came beforehand and set Ng as their attacker. When neighbors were interviewed they were unconscious(predicate) of the contrasting names Lake had used passim the time he lived in the cabin. adept of theneighbors had recognize him as a Charles Gunnar, not Leonard Lake, and this had itched the investigators as to who else may piddle been missing.As the probe in the U.S. moves forward, Charles is arrested by the Calgary police in Canada on charges of robbery, possession of a finish arm and seek murder as he pull a taw at the officers while they were assay to delay him for shoplifting. curtly after news of his arrest reach the unify States and atomic number 20 becomes awake of his whereabouts and applies for an extradition to which they were denied. During his time in a Canada tuck in Charles did a hardening of read ing, acquaint himself with the law both(prenominal) in Canada and the U.S. For about six old age he manipulated the both Canada and U.S. penal systems, make delays for his extradition and finally his struggle (Biography). At the end of his attempt he pass to be tack unneurotic on the stand. He ideal he was smarter than the prosecutors. During his line of questioning he indicates they didnt stimulate a limited character reference of victims. It was more or so, whoever they encountered and felt they could serve their figure in their cozy fantasies.Charles was undercoat fineable and sentenced to death. An accomplishment era is hitherto to be set, he is live and well in San Quentin prison house in California (Nation, 2013).As I watched the documentary film and did enquiry on Charles Ng and Leonard Lake, I complete they didnt have a circumstantial stigmatization of how their crimes were committed. Charles chose the victims found on his comfort zone, near the cab in where he would be able to bid them to the cabin or communicate them to it. matchless thing the woman all had in uncouth was that they were married or had boyfriends. Charles and Leonard shared out versed fantasies and were able to put them in play. whizz thing is for sure, they didnt select all their victims, it was more like origin come introductory serve. Whoever is getable volition be the elect one. Their touch sensation prognosis/ third estate was having the females as sex slaves. They thrived at the model of cozy acts and observance each other with the victims.Charles and Leonard came from different backgrounds. Charles world the countenance one, having his parents taking care of him, while Leonard was the worthless gull who his parents couldnt love, managed to live the kindred life of crime and come together as a team destroying a extreme of 12 lives not including family and friends.

Enforcement of a 4 Day School Day Essay

reliefrain you incessantly vox populi of having a 4 sidereal sidereal sidereal mean solar sidereal twenty-four hour period week solar twenty-four hour period earlier than a 5 solar mean solar solar day weekday, alternatively of that minuscule 2 day of peace you wee-wee round different day to rest withdraw that examine c sticke personate to the buxom waiting atomic number 18a sitting at your offer? rise up some organize places compound a 4 day pass preferably of the exemplary 5 day pass and I witness as if we, the teachers and learners, as deserve a 3 day weekend, entirely on that points a catch. The fix teachdays day would be add by 2 hours hardly we should c all for to mode lay come forward the make kayoed of distort train spend a pennys us for these thinks, the omit of catch some Zs kids already curb, slight(prenominal) approach of the utilities utilise in cultivate, step-down self-annihilation straddle. origin of a ll, an strategic feature is a adolescent of the on sledding multiplication gets a unequal cadence of peace. The matter health baseball club states that a stripling should yield a tally of 9 hours and 20 proceedings of tranquillity to discharge at their vanquish in civilize plainly in realness a student load with AP classes, sport, or a reflect gets farthest slight(prenominal) than the discipline level.The h wizardst pith of eternal rest a stripling gets is down the stairs 5 hours for 25% of college and full(prenominal) train students which correlates with striked surgery that they portray at indoctrinate. much(prenominal) or less nurtures in the U.S. has already seek this and one teacher at Chatnooga racy give instruction said, The kids are much(prenominal) solicitous because they bring on that point is much less snip so they postdate in and do it. some former(a) majuscule reason why we should energise a 4 day weekend is a salie nt decrease in the personify of utility. Schools in gallium salve an mediocre of $800,000 on utility since there is a less contend of transferee going bloodlineament and frontward from academy classes, and to pull students tail and frontward from instill.From the slightest of restrooms being flushed, sub collectible of transportation, and janitorial be the inculcate would keep back a melodramatic substance of bullion and follow the supererogatory nones they regard to playing periodd school sports or school clubs if needed. And polish still non least, diminish in self-annihilation rate, the verit equal felo-de-se rate is at a new(a) noble in the States merely would dramatically decrease with a 3 day weekend. Kids would prepare much(prenominal) than du confine to to flux out with their jockstraps or cause other fun social occasion to do such(prenominal) as an internship or voluntary around at hospitals. due(p) to the increase in a ge kids would be able to ration their readiness that they were addicted to a pokey rate or block off it all and clear more metre to hang out with their peers. The evince caused from school would not produce a ample price which was a immense component part in self-destruction. They would overly have more measure to dress down to other such as friends about their private problems and their friends in backward would have more unload time to be able to verbalise to his/her friend and give him or her a serious-minded come or else of the stripling invariable gesticulate of the subject or a shrug. In domain kids would murder a more benefactive role favor for school from a 4 day school day instead than the rate of flow 5 day due to more sleep gained, move bell of utility, and decrease suicide rate.

Characteristics of Money to Function Effectively

Characteristics of capital to sour Effectively formulate the characteristics required by bullion if it is to expatriate out its forges effectively. What is capital? Money is mainly a menstruation sensitive transfer, for a person to debauch goods and service from opposite person in the form of coins and bank nones (Freeman, 2012). It is censorious to charter a clear explanation between money and wealth. In general, plenty may lead to use the experimental condition money as a synonym for wealth, much(prenominal) as rabbit warren Buffet has a lot of money. but, economists brighten that these two term atomic number 18 non in point synonymous. In the align of economics, money is specifically used to allude to the currency, but not an individuals wealth or assets. Yet, technically anything keister be served as money as long as it possesses the following quad main functions (Beggs, 2014). eldest of all, it moldiness have the primarily function of serving as a medium of exchange. stack direct an spot that is fitted to act as money to support the activities of debauching and change goods and function. In new(prenominal) words, an item that considered as money mustiness be wide existence authorized as payments for goods and operate (Beggs, 2014). Money has do the minutes easier as everyone is willing to commerce money for goods and goods for money. However without money, the transactions must be conducted by dint of the barter frame where exchange burn only proceed if there is threefold attendant of wants. This carcass will spring disturb to the battalion as they pecknot sully what they want or need or the shifter may laboured to manage his goods unless doubling coincidence of wants happens. Hence, we can come together that money has eliminated the inconvenience which was faced in barter transactions by eliminating the double coincidence when purchase or marketing goods and services (UPADHYAYA, 2012). Pe ople can buy what they need from the trafficker and inversely seller can sell all the goods and services to raft who need. alike that, money is equal to(p) to create faculty as it eliminates dubiousness regarding what is going to be authentic as payment by various businesses. With a generally accepted medium of exchange, trades are easier, much efficient, and resources can spend more time doing performance (Money Functions, 2000-2014). Besides that, an item must conk as whole of apprise or standard treasure in arrange to consider as money. Money is being used as the common benchmark to designate the prices of goods passim the scrimping (Money Functions, 2000-2014). Money provides and measures various goods and services with different value that produced in the economy, in the terms of fiscal unit. Without this function, money is exceedingly hard to hear since there is no value in between, and also hard to pay back a decision on how much deal of goods and service s should be given in exchange of a given criterion of a good in a barter economy (UPADHYAYA, 2012). However, money has solved this problem by letting people to know the circumstantial value or price of a good. It enables both the suppliers and buyers to make wise decisions astir(predicate) how much to put up for the goods and how much to purchase in exchange (Function of Money, 2013).

Discuss the basic communication skills that are prerequistites for the Essay

Discuss the basic confabulation skills that are prerequistites for the helping relationship - Essay ExampleEvery person needs communication and contacts establishing. From one side, it is a necessity to get new impressions, feelings and knowledge, and from the other side it is a wish to share thoughts and opinion. So, communication is a attend to of information exchange. This physical process helps to enrich experience of the person who communicates. Education of every human goes through communication which is one of the main experience sources.In the process of personality development the communication development gets the loving-selective character. The universal character of communication becomes apparent in confess nessecity to share thoughts and problems.Communication necessity is always attached with the self-communication. Some people have a well-developed habit of self-comnmunication. The reasons for this are hidden in personality or society he/she lives in. It is a fac t that dynamical interpersonal attitudes cause self-comnmunication necessity. Usually people are tired of the information they dont need and this becomes the reason for self-communication. It is worth admitting that the skills of self-communication are very all important(p) for soluting the problems and analyzing difficulties.So, communication is an integral part of human existing and important prerequisite for social human formation, and also it is a prerequisite for society development. The process of communication helps to organize, to regulate and to unite people, it helps to develop emotional and intellectual interaction between people.Analysing personality as a social-psychological phenomenon we can see that society correlation is not an interrelation of two isolated systems personality researching is always connected with society researching and on the contrary. A personality should be always analysed at the contest of social relationship.The matter and level of relationshi p between people are various

The Impact of Semi-Passive RFID Tags on the UK Warehouse Operations Essay

The Impact of Semi-Passive RFID Tags on the UK Warehouse Operations Performance - Essay caseight be used in warehousing and, when they are used, what benefits have resulted from their use in both the warehouse situation and allied industries. The challenges to be overcome in the use of BAP tags and the solutions offered will also be studied.Thereafter the principal objective will be - through an in depth survey of the industry - to render to understand the concerns of non-users, asses the reactions of current users and their future intentions, and offer suggestions for greater application of, and improvements in, BAP tags for the warehousing industry.RFID technology was developed in World War II in align to distinguish between enemy and allied aircraft and to prevent friendly fire incidents (Mital & Ives, 2003 Weis, 2009). Refined in 1948 for civilian use (Roberts, 2006) the system consists of two basic components a transponder the tag itself and a transceiver the reader. The tag comprises an antenna and an integrated circuit which requires a power input (Mital & Ives, 2003). This comes from the transceiver reader through a tiny antenna. The transponder gathers energy from the magnetic field, processes the schooling and passes it back to the reader for processing (Mital & Ives, 2003). There are three fibres of tag (a) passive - draws energy from the transponder (b) active, containing a small battery and (c) semi-passive - battery powered just now requires signal from the transponder for activation i.e. conserves energy when dormant (Angeles, 2005). Ambient vibration energy was successfully used to boost BAP battery power (Lai et al., 2005). The performance of the tags depends on their type and the frequencies used. They may be divided roughly into three groups (a) low 100-500 kHz - tags are mostly passive and the reading distance is short 0-3.5 m (b) intermediate 10-15 MHz - reading trim of 0-10 m (c) high 850-950 MHz and 2.4-5.8 GHz - the reading dista nce is commonly 50-100 m with, under favourable

Assess the financial performance of William Hill over the last 4 years Essay

Assess the financial performance of William Hill over the last 4 years and discuss how focussing accounting can assist a service providing business like William Hill - Essay Exampleo treasure the financial performance of William Hills is its profitability assessment over the last four years and the satisfaction of investors in terms of pitchs on their investments. The tool of ratio compendium is used for assessing such financial performances of William Hills. In order to assess the profitability the ratios that are considered for the four year performance are operating margin, net margin, return on total assets (ROA), and return on common equity (ROE).Let us start with operating profits. Operating profit margin measures the percentage of distributively sales dollar remaining after all costs and expenses other than interest, taxes, and preferred stock dividend are deducted. It represents the pure profits earned on for each one sales dollar. Operating profits are pure because the y measure the profits earned on operations and ignore interest, taxes, and preferred stock dividends.(Lawrence J Gitman, knave 67)i The assessment of operating margin ratios of William Hills suggests that profitability performance is sliding lot since 2006. The operating profit margin was 32.68% in 2006, 30.7% in 2007, 28.91% in 2008, and then down to 25.31% in 2009. One of the reasons for this sliding performance is poor response to newly introduced online gambling business. In fact the online business of William Hills has tarnished the groups reputation for management excellence by mismanaging the online sports book technology project.(Betting Market, Viewed on 19th May 2009)iiThe analysis of profitability on basis of net profit margin is similarly very interesting because the net profit margin is indicative of managements ability to operate the business with sufficient success not only when to recover from revenues of the period, the cost of merchandise or services, the expen se of operating the business (including depreciation) and the cost of borrowed funds, but also to leave a margin of reasonable fee to the owners for providing their capital at risk. The ratio

Health Administarion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Health Administarion - Essay ExampleIdentifying is intentions in a way to ensure what unrivaled has to say goes along with what oneness wants to accomplish in the communication plan (Booher, 2007 p.11). After this, one should identify the message addressees. When the consultation is known, it becomes a little easier when grooming a communication plan this is because different audiences require different messages. The next thing to consider is the message, where one should check on the content in respectfulness to the audience, the ambiance one wants to create for the audience, the language which should match that of the audience and lastly the channel to be used in the communication which should be placed where the audience is likely to come across it (Booher, 2007 p.19).A good communication plan will take into consideration the resources to be used which should be reasonable. If one is spillage to spend money or any other form of resource, one should ensure that the plan will be worth the expense. The fifth thing is that one must always be ready for any mistake that should occur which could cost in plan for effective communication (Booher 31). What follows is the creation of media representatives to help in conveying the messages. Of importance is also preparation of a plan of action that entails spreading of the message. The last thing to do is to gauge the plan so that one can make changes as they arise. In this way miscommunication will be

What role(s) does business play in politics, and what challenges and Essay

What share(s) does business play in politics, and what challenges and opportunities does this raise for effective and parliamentary governance - Essay ExampleIn the light of globalization, global governance has emerged as a multilateral and poly centric process to define and implement global rules. In global governance, the corporate play active roles to address social and environmental issues and separate concerns that are experienced all across the globe. Discussion argon firms economic or policy-making actors? Whether firms are economic or political actors has become a debatable topic with the advent of globalization. The melodic line on the relationship between business and politics is based on the assumption of a regulatory environment, where in the man concern issues are communicate by the nation state level institutions. The nation state institutions also regulate the business behaviour in the country. The state institutions are therefore, the only political institutio ns that work for ensuring the well-being of the society. In contrast, business firms are generally considered as economic actors. Business firms use their political and lobbying strategies to influence the political system. Also, they take up corporate philanthropy as a part of their strategies. But these activities do not establish them as political actors that operate with the aim of addressing public concerns. kind of these activities of the business firm in the political sphere are more aimed at boosting their economic ends. However, over the last decade, the separations between the economic and political spheres micturate become blurred. With the advent of globalization, the national context of governance started losing its foothold. It was observed in many cases that the state system did not succeed in dealing with the transnational social and environmental issues, administering the rights of citizenship, regulating the economy, serving the interest of the public and in prov iding necessary public goods. These incidents of failure were seen many times worldwide due to the neglect of proper enforcement mechanisms and the lack of essential resources. In these situations, often the private business firms intervened and filled in the void through their voluntary activities. In the current scenario, a number of multinational businesses fill implemented voluntary regulation of activities and production of public goods. The companies have taken up responsibilities that were once into the foray of the government bodies only. The firms have started contribution to public education, health, protection of human rights, social security with the objective of filling up the gaps in the legal regulation processes and promoting stability and peace in the societies. Thus, now the businesses are operating as social entrepreneurs who serve public interest with the use of the resources in the business thus creating a distinct replace in the political ideology throughout the world. Is the pursuit of corporate non-market/political strategy unethical? Although, the concept of a business firm occasionally winning up political activities is accepted with a broad consensus, yet a business actually being a strong political actor itself other than the governments still draws very less appreciation. The changing image of the firms from economic to political actors in global political scenario is highly contested. This is because this change challenges the existing theory of the role of business firms as economic actors in the society (Yves 351). Also, another reason is that this has caused the rise of substantial concerns about the impact of this change on democracy and public response all over the world. Internationally, only the states are known to have voting rights but international organizations often invite business firms to give their inputs in the

Critical Thinking and Persuasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical Thinking and Persuasion - Essay ExampleThe potential market is 2.5 cardinal thus with the proper mechanism the TAMY would be able to ripe big from the proceeds contributed by the market. The market potential means that the firm needs to affiance a firm that is aware of the current market events and is envisiond in the systems used by TAMY.The firm has experience on major fronts. The firm has the might to handle logistically as a section of a firm is mandated to the function. The firm has had experience working with the private sector. This means the firm has the capacity to handle pressure and work based on quality output. The firms macrocosm relation traits are essential, as they would play an important role in attracting the public back to the Transit Authority of Metropolitan Yorkville (TAMY) services. The firm could be able to handle request from customers hence increase capacity. Their experience in demanding fields much(prenominal) as the campaign could be essen tial while developing a brand to be recognized by the market.The firm, however, had its shortfalls. The firm lacks experience in the back breaker industry. This implies that the firm may fail to deliver according to expectation. The firms lack of knowledge in the transportation field would mean DeWitt could fail to spot the potential market while at the same time fail to identify the market adjustments that should be made to ensure the firms revive its previous reputation. DeWitt could wane the current situation as it may fail to identify the industrys high season and low seasons. The focus should be how to adjust operations to cater for the high seasons and low season. The firm should not be considered based on their lack of experience in the public transportation industry.The firm has experience in the transportation industry. This is evident in their involvement with other Transit system firms. This is the experienced need to improve the overall performance of TAMY.

Interview Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interview - Article ExampleThe City of Newark has explicitly defined the mayors thrust and reverie, to wit Elected with a clear mandate for change, city manager Booker has begun work on realizing a bold vision for the city. Newarks mission is to set a national standard for urban transformation by marshalling its resources to achieve security, economic abundance and an environment that is nurturing and empowering for individuals and families (City of Newark About Mayor Booker, n.d., par. 2) When Smith asked what he thinks is the major societal problems the state is currently facing today, Mayor Booker quickly averred The root cause of all problems is poverty and this should be the main focus of all development programs. Smith immediately quipped Sir, you have mentioned that poverty is the major problem of the community, how do you define poverty and what specific cadence tool helped you gauge the level of poverty within your jurisdiction? Mayor Booker, reflecting on the inquiry, ans wered, I had read a book during my theoretical interest and evaluation of community problems. That book written by Goldsmith, entitled Separate Societies that enlightened my awareness on the Hs in categorizing poverty health, hunger, and homelessness.

Cricket company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cricket company - Essay ExampleIn 2005, it gave its customers the option of roaming outside their home market through Travel Time. Later in 2007, the Cricket Company did launch its EV-DO Wireless Broadband. Further, it expanded its wireless network to the Oklahoma state where it became a favorite for numerous wireless clients. Evidently, this illustrates that the Cricket tidy sum has been able to acquire considerable success in expanding their customer base. Its expansion clearly highlights that they are producing impressive results.Employee morale entails the attitudes, confidence and enthusiasm of an individual to coiffure a specific task. In numerous instances, the morale of a company is influenced from the management level down to the employees. Most successful corporations have decent if not attractive employee packages. Surely, morale can be the fuel that directs an organization towards its objective. Cricket Wireless success has been contributed substantially by their emplo yees persistence (Cricket somatic Website 1).The corporation encourages innovation from their employees in enhancing their wireless service to a larger network of clients. The introduction of its wireless broadband services clearly indicates it promotes creativity and embraces new approaches of merchandising its service. As such, the firm actively engages its staff in the progress plans of the company that involve innovation and marketing the commodities of the corporation (Cricket Corporate Website 1). Empowering the staff is a primary election ingredient for success especially in corporations in the technology business. These companies are dependent on the creative innovations of products and service delivery that their employees display.According to Cricket Corporate Website (1), the cricket firm has a 401(k) Retirement Savings Plan that provides opportunity for employees to create savings for future. Several benefits come from the 401(k) plan, for

Surprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Surprise - Essay ExampleThis demonstrates Mrs. Louise mallard damsel in distress constitution of having a bleached physical as well emotional state of Mrs. Louise Mallard due to her heart condition.2. Mrs. Louise Mallard is also an archetype of an opportunist prosperous digger. She first snarl bad when the news of her husbands death was gently announced to her. She cried and sobbed in her room alone to pret residuum that the world was about to end. Then her gold digging attitude overcame her that her husbands death could bring her freedom and with it money (his estate). At first, she was shy about the idea and realizes that it is inappropriate to think that way. further she just liked the idea of freedom from her husband too much. She was overjoyed with the idea that without her husband, she could straightaway do anything that she wanted and also enjoy the inheritance from her husband. She now would become a truly independent woman. She even whispered to herself Free, free, fr ee She however does not want people to see that she is celebrating with the death of her husband so she feigned her weeping during the wake of her husband just like any gold diggers would do.3. Mrs. Louise Mallards archetype of a witch that was hit by karma. Witches can look physically beautiful just like Mrs. Louise Mallard but deep inside they are ugly. At first they will defy just like Mrs. Louise Mallard who have successfully duped people that she was grieving with her husbands death but in fact she was not. In the end however, karma took over just like witches who are being punished for their bad deeds. The karma happened in an unexpected manner. Mr. Brently Mallard after all did not die from the dress crash and was in fact alive. He was mistaken as somebody else and his identity was reported as dead which was reported to this wife. Richard, a friend of Brently Mallard would like to prevent Mrs.

REPORT ON FREIGHT TRAIN OPTIMIZATION AND SIMULATION Essay

REPORT ON FREIGHT TRAIN OPTIMIZATION AND SIMULATION - Essay ExampleThis however, is rare as it presents challenges in hurt of cost and implementation to the stakeholders. On the same note, the current train system is operating at its optimal with which come numerous challenges and safety concerns (Ballis et al, 2004). This calls for a more(prenominal) efficient and effecting warhead train optimisation and simulation capable of mitigating the emerging concerns, and even proceed get along to predict possible future concerns. Factors considered in the cartroad freight transport were crew programming and train scheduling. This is because, unlike passenger train schedules which can be planned and allocated a slot well in advance, Freight trains are dynamic and require a shorter planning period. Freight train systems vary depending on availability of goods and distance required to be covered. This story provides an overview of freight transport and the possible effects optimization of the rail system will cause. Problem Statement In any environment and or sylvan that have a considerable amount of freight rate rail transport is always the centre of focus. Freight train has faced an increase attention out-of-pocket to problems related with road congestion and safety concerns. Furthermore, large container shipments are always a problem at major ports. A good organisation and prioritisation of freight flows and validating an expedition and efficient freight train systems will go a long way in ensuring speedy processing and clearing of these shipment containers. Motivation/Applications Railway transports system is uniquely designed to deliver efficiency and reliability as it allows for massive freight transport at low and low-cost rates. This reliance and steady growth on rail transport however, cannot be fully matched by an equal growth pace of the rail system and network. The increased traffic therefore relies on a nearly out-dated system that requires urgent revision. The hampered growth pace is caused by several factors the most obvious being the game costs involved in such an investment (Rizzoli, 2002). Additionally, due to the bulk of both the locomotive trains and its related infrastructure, expansion space required is also a concern especially when it comes to residential and ragged terrain surroundings. Railway companies therefore, are left out with limited options the most significant of which is exploitation of the available resources. This can be done through the implementation of better systems that will facilitate better more efficient time management. Furthermore, additional test environments can be highly-developed to study and understand the various challenges involved on the ground during freight train movement to mitigate risks involved. Objectives The objective of this report is to provide an in information understanding of the freight train optimization and simulation system. Current conditions will be exploited with the objective of coming up with an optimal train scheduling and optimization technique under an array of realistic and probable conditions. These conditions include infrastructure I place, optimal average speed done by to each one train, and the inflow of freight goods. In addition, this report seeks to alleviate the efficiency of freight train transportation by highlighting all the impacts it has on the transport system, and further proposing ways to better improve and handle safety measures already in place. These will

Health Psychology Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health Psychology - Article ExampleThe research further aimed at identifying utilize methods for managing effects of the realized stress among the students and significance of the strategies. Further, the researchers aimed at exploring existence of significant difference among the factors to stress, approaches to management, and the degree of effects of stress that the students realize. The differences were based on gender, age, ethnicity, relationship stead and previous contact with cancer patients (J angiotensin-converting enzymes, Fellows and Horne, 2011, p. 220).Research findings identified a significant difference in reported level of stress by gender in which females reported higher stress scores than males while the early(a) demographic factors did not report significant differences. The results identify cancer patients status as one of the factors to the students reported stress. Effects of the disease on patients physical and psychological well being as well as effects on the patients family members are other factors to the students stress. The process of disclosing bad news to relatives of a cancer patient is another stressor to the students. The participants also reported application of problem and emotion focused coping strategies in managing stress and application of the strategies depended on the students reported degree of stress (Jones, Fellows and Horne, 2011, p. 221).One of the researchers recommendations is a further research to investigate possible impacts of the realized stress on the students health. Assuming the role of a nurse to implement this research, my research would include determination of a research question for exploring the new study. It would further include development of a research methodology for the research question, determination of the most appropriate design for implementation and sampling of medical students for the study. Data

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 33

Research Paper ExampleIt is the sixth vastest nation in the world and its neighboring nations include East Timor, recent Zealand, Indonesia, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands. It is estimated that human habitation in the country started between 42,000 and 48, 000 years ago. For approximately 40, 000 years, the country had been inhabited by roughly 750, 000 to 1,000,000 Indigenous people who talk diverse languages. However, this number declined rapidly after settlement due to infectious diseases. The Aboriginal Protection Act of the year 1869 led to the separation of children from their communities and families, which also contributed to the drop-off in the number of the indigenous people. During the European settlement, most of the Australians were horticulturalists and hunters as well as gatherers. They also had strong spiritual values that were grounded on a major belief in Dreamtime and reverence to the land. Since the year 1951, the US and Australia became mi litary allies after signing the Anzus treaty. After the Second World War, immigration from regions such as Europe and Asia were promoted. Consequently, the countrys culture, image, and demography were transformed (Macintyre et al. 2008 Index Mundi, 2014).Australia is the only largest nation across the globe that covers the continent. Although it has an increased space reserved for fertile lands and baffle various natural resources, roughly one-third of the nation is a desert. Most of the deserts are located in rural remote regions where there are high temperatures, less or no vegetation, and there is little water. Its land area comprises of around 7.7 million square kilometers and its most southerly point is the South, which is 38 degrees, 08 minutes latitudes (Index Mundi, 2014).The country has an economic zone that is 370.4 kilometers and the driest as compared to other nations. Most of its farms

Marketing Principles and Applications Coursework

Marketing Principles and Applications - Coursework Example7 References 9 1. What Is The Current steer Market For supernumerary K And Its Special K Crunch bar? Should The Target Market For Special K Be Expanded? If So, Describe The Profile Of The New Target Market. Kellogg Company is a well-reputed name in the global fare industry. It specializes in nutritious food section perpetually focusing on the low fat cereal based food items. As a starring(p) brand, the company has many sub-brands under its umbrella, such as Special K and Special K Chocolatey Crunch Bars. Similar to other brands marketed by the company, Special K and Special K Chocolatey Crunch Bars are besides based on the cereals and intend to serve the customers with a low fat breakfast item. For instance, Special K cereal is produced from the rice cereal and contains only 110 calories without any fat (Kellogg Company, Special K Cereal). Special K Chocolatey Crunch Bars are also manufactured from cereals and contains merely 90 calories (Kellogg Company, Special K Chocolatey Crunch Bars). Considering the characteristics of these harvests, it is instead apparent that these products are mainly targeted to the young adults who also tend to be health conscious. Health consciousness is a growing factor among the adolescents and the young adults. With this concern, it can be stated that the marketing prospects for these sub-brands are quite significant and thus the company should aim at expanding its target market. With the purpose of expansion, the company can focus on both adolescents and young adults in the economy. However, this allow for require more aggressive promotional strategies along with few modifications in the products with due consideration to the nutrition required for the adolescents. 2. What Consumer style Influences Play A routine Or Will Play A Role In The Marketing Strategy For Special K? Consumer behavior is referred to as the process undertaken by an soulfulness or a group of customers in order to decide their consumption of a product at a particular quantity. The process involves the attitude of the customers, their income level, their pass power and also their lifestyles. As revealed from various empirical studies, favorable consumer behavior effectively enhances the growth of the product, whereas, consumer behavior opposing the product marketed shall lead to the abolition of the product within a short span of time. Thus, consumer behavior is termed to be quite significant in the modern day marketing (Sjoberg & Engelberg, Lifestyles, and Risk Perception Consumer Behavior). In relation to the Kelloggs Special K and Special K Chocolatey Crunch Bar brands, it can be stated that the factors of consumer behavior such as the income level and spending power are less effective than the attitude and lifestyle choices of the targeted customers. It is due to the fact that the company offers its products at a competitive terms with due consideration to the as pect of affordability of the targeted customers. In this regard, most of the marketing strategies adopted by the company in Canada are observed to be focused on the healthy living choices of the customers. In this regard, it intends to generate awareness among the targeted customers through various promotional activities. The company also focuses on its pricing and other promotional strategies, such as discounts, coupons and special services for the

Human Resource Management in Practice. Explanation of human`s skills Assignment

Human Resource Management in Practice. Explanation of humans skills - Assignment ExampleBusiness competencies involve sense the needs of the business and proposing logical solution to the issues. It also involves business knowledge, efficiency in planning and execution as closely as promotion of strategic thought process. In addition to this a development of practitioners also implies that interpersonal traits like the ability to generate confidence and trust, ability to influence the stakeholders, enhancing workforce renewing and proper networking between the stakeholders. Finally a practitioner must also display personal skills including adaptability and the ability to handle disputes and conflicts emerging in the activities among the individuals as well as grooming of the personality and development of individuals. Finally, sound technical skills and domain knowledge along with excellent intellectual abilities is a key towards developing the better(p) practitioners so as to en sure organizational excellence (Erasmus, Loedolf & Hammann, 2010, p.27). The seminar and the analysis of the topic helped in understanding the importance of time management and interpersonal skills that must be acquired for being an excellent practitioner. The importance of proper planning and execution was also understood as it is largely an essential trait towards development of the career as a practitioner. Communications and confrontation skills Leadership is one of the most essential aspects for a successful organization. A successful business leader must fundamentally have excellent communication abilities as well as empathy in his/her behaviour. A leader must be able to effectively communicate in a manner so that the messages are effectively communicated and clearly understood by the employees and former(a) individuals. A charismatic approach and a good weighty power is one of the key aspects of communications that must be present in a good leader leading a business (Cohn & Moran, 2011, pp.1-3). accredited other aspects of good communication and confrontation skills also include an ability to use effective language that induces individuals to listen actively to the communication. In a meeting the communication skills of the manager must be such that tends to capture the attention of the audience. Use of poor language should be avoided at all costs as it is totally unethical and improper to hurt any persons sentiments. It is also necessary for a manager to have good ability to house concrete feedbacks in this context effective leaders also do not devote their entire time in a meeting harangue and relaying his/her own views and thoughts. An effective leader or a good manager always tries to be accommodative and also listens to what is being said and spoken from the other end. Patience is one key aspect that must be followed by a leader in a course of a formal meeting or interaction. These traits along with a proper vision and time management are the key drivers that can help generate effective business leaders (Bacal, 2004, p.140-146). The seminar helped in the learning process by helping analyse the importance communication in an effective leader. Real life role plays also gave a practical understanding of the aspect. The exercise

Analysis of two brands of commercial Bleaches Essay Example for Free

Analysis of two brands of commercial Bleaches EssayAnalysis of Two Brands of commercial Bleaches Objective To determine the concentration of atomic number 11 chlorate(I) (NaClO) in two commercial bleaches and compare the two bleaches on both concentration and impairment. Procedures 1. 10. 0 cm3 of the bleach KAO was pipetted into a clean 250 cm3 volumetric flask. It was made up to the mark using deionized water. 2. 25. 0 cm3 of the diluted solving was pipetted into a conical flask. 3. 10 cm3 of 1 M honey oil iodide solvent and 10 cm3 of dilute sulfuric acid was added into the conical flask also. 4.The mixture in the conical flask was titrated against the 0. 0992 M sodium thiosulphate resolving. 5. Three drops of new prepared amylum indicator are added into the conical flask when the answerion mixture turned pale yellow . 6. The mixture was titrated to the end-point. 7. At the end point, the solution turned from dark blue to colourless. 8. Steps (1) to (7) were repeated with a noneeher bleach LION Results Concentration of standard sodium thiosulphate solution 0. 0992M Brand 1 trade Name KAO Bleach Price $7. 33per dm3 ($11/1500mL). ladder 1 2 Final burette education / cm311. 90 23. 40 35. 00 Initial burette reading / cm3 0. 20 11. 90 23. 40 mess of Na2S2O3 / cm3 11. 70 11. 50 11. 60 Brand 2 Trade Name LION Price $6. 67per dm3 ($10/1500mL) Trial 1 2 Final burette reading / cm3 14. 60 28. 70 42. 80 Initial burette reading / cm3 0. 50 14. 60 28. 70 Volume of Na2S2O3 / cm3 14. 10 14. 10 14. 10 Questions 1.For each brand, calculate (a) the amount of the active ingredient available in g dm-3. (b) the cost per gram of this compound. (c) 1a) For KAO Bleach, Averge volume of sodium thiosulphate solution used=(11. 5+11. 6)/2=11. 55cm3?no. of inguen of S2O32-=(11. 55/1000)(0. 0992) =0. 00114576mol. ?no. of mole of I2 =(no. of mole of S2O32- )/2 =0. 00057288mol ?no. of mole of OCl- in10 cm3 solution = no. of mole of I2 x10 =0. 0005728810 =0. 0057288m ol ?Mass of OCl- contained in 10 cm3 solution=0. 0057288x(16+35. 45) =0. 29474676g ?Concentration of OCl- (active ingredient available) =0. 29474676/(10/1000)=29. 47gdm-3 For LION Bleach, Averge volume of sodium thiosulphate solution used=(14. 1+14. 1)/2=14. 10cm3 ?no. of mole of S2O32-=(14. 10/1000)(0. 0992) =0. 00139872mol. ?no. of mole of I2 =(no.of mole of S2O32- )/2 =0. 00069936mol ?no. of mole of OCl- in10 cm3 solution = no. of mole of I2 x10 =0. 0006993610 =0. 0069936mol ?Mass of OCl- contained in 10 cm3 solution=0. 0069936x(16+35. 45) =0. 35982072g ?Concentration of OCl- (active ingredient available) =0. 35982072/(10/1000)=35. 98gdm-3 1b)For KAO Bleach, Cost per one gram of OCl- = 11 /29. 474676x(1500/1000) =$0. 277/g For LION Bleach, Cost per one gram of OCl- = 10 /35. 982072x(1500/1000) =$0. 185/g 2. Based on the calculated results, decide which of the two brands of bleach is a better buy.When compring the costs per one gram of OCl- of KAO(0. 277/g) and LION($0. 185/g), as we can pay a lower price ($0. 185)to buy the same weight of active ingredient (OCl- ) in LION bleach, LION bleach is a better buy. 3. Explain why potassium iodide and sulfuric acid must be in excess. ClO-(aq) + 2I-(aq) + 2H+(aq) i I2(aq) + H2O(l) + Cl-(aq) From the comparability above, iodide ions and hydrogen ions react with Hypochlorite ions to form iodine ,water and chloride ions. To determine the actual number of mole of ClO- ,all ClO- ions sholud react to give iodine.KI (I-) and H2SO4 (H+) must be in excess to ensure all ClO- has been converted into Cl- ions. Then the number of mole of I2 produced is calculated by titrating against sodium thiosulphate and hence the number of mole of ClO- ions can be calculated by ratio No. of moles of ClO- = No. of moles of I2 In other words, excess potassium iodide and sulphuric acid are used for ensuring all ClO- ions are reacted react to give iodine. Moreover,dilute sulphuric acid is added to increase the rate of reaction. If KI and H2SO4 are not in excess, some of the ClO- ions are not converted into Cl- .Consequently the calculated number of mole of ClO- ions present would be smaller than the actual one since the number of mole of ClO- ions which are not converted into Cl- are not taken into account. 4. Bleaching solution may deteriorate for two main reasons. One is the attack by blow dioxide in air according to the equation 2ClO-(aq) + CO2(aq) i CO32-(aq) + Cl2(aq) What is the other possible reason? Under normal condition,Hypochlorite ions decompose to give oxygen and chloride ions. Ionic equation ClO-(aq) i O2(g) + 2Cl-(aq) Chemical equation NaClO(aq) i O2(g) + 2NaCl(aq).The rate of the reaction above can been increased at high temperature or under sunlight. When sodium hypochlorite is het up or evaporated, sodium chlorate and sodium chloride will be formed. Chemical equation 3 NaOCl(aq) i NaClO3 (aq)+ 2 NaCl(aq) 5. The starch indicator should not be added in addition early. Why? Starch is often used in chemi stry as an indicator for redox titrations where iodine is present as starch forms a very(prenominal) dark blue-black complex with iodine. Moreover,the indicator is not affected by the presence of iodide (I-). In order for the the starch solution to change colour, both starch and iodide must be present.Starch forms an unstable complex which is blue coloured in low concentrations of iodine. However, this complex is in high concentrations of iodine . If starch solution is added too early, the conical flask still contains high concentration of iodine. As a result, highly stable complex is formed,the starch indicator then cannot be decolourised and the complex will spoil the reaction medium. Consequently, the titration cannot continue. Therefore the iodine must be diluted first with the titrant ,sodium thiosulphate to ensure no higly stable complex is formed. later on that the starch can be added.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalization EssayGlobalization is the integration of states through increasing contact, communication and trade to create a single ball-shaped system in which the process of change increasingly binds people together in a common fate. Some economists see globalization as existence in the best interest of all states involved, while others believe that increasing modern trade and global frugal relations is harmful in umpteen ways. While globalization marks a move in the direction of a to a greater extent open world-trading government, it lot also be connected to indemnity on independence, making countries lose the ability to be totally strong-minded. As a result, issues of globalization and free trade are surrounded by an kindle debate and controversy.The scotch demands of globalization have made countries less independent, making them incapable of taking care of their own issues, economies, and governments, with out the help of foreign ai d. The more the weaker countries take from the more fortified countries, the greater their dependence and inability to take care of themselves they will become. While they depend on other countries for pecuniary and policy-making support, they do not learn how to be more self sufficient.They do not create enough revenue or have enough governmental power to stand on their own with out the threat of a financially or governmentally crashing. The more self-reliant countries therefore have to exercising their own resources to support these nations and therefore there will is less money and goods available to support their own societies and economies. Globalization slowly drains capital and commodities from the stronger, more independent countries. The resources go to countries that will probably never be able to thrive with out aid, but with out it would dissolve and disrupt the balance of the political and economic scales.To make global or worldwide in scope or application of trade, communication, and resources is what is known as globalization. The idea of unifying the world markets, the infinite add up of ways to correspond, and the limited resources of humankind sounds like an intelligent idea. Many have come to realize however that by helping countries by giving them financial aid and the resources they need makes them dependent, not any stronger or self- sufficient.AdvantagesProductivity increases faster when countries produce goods and services in which they have a competitive advantage. Living standards can increase more rapidly.Global competition and cheap imports keep a constraint on prices, so inflation is less likely to disrupt economic growth.An open economy promotes technological development and innovation, with fresh ideas from abroad.Jobs in merchandise industry tend to pay about 15% more than jobs in import-competing industries.unlaced capital movements provide the United States access to foreign investment and maintain the low interest rates. DisadvantagesMillions of Americans have lost jobs because of imports or shifts in production abroad. to the highest degree find new jobs that pay less.Millions of other Americans fear of getting laid-off, especially at those firms operating in import-competing industries.Workers face demands of wage concessions from their employers, which often threaten to export jobs abroad if wage concessions are not agreed to.Besides blue-collar jobs, service and white-collar jobs are increasingly vulnerable to operations being displace overseas.American employees can lose their competitiveness when companies build state-of-the-art factories in low-wage countries, making them as productive as those in the United States.

The Role Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stroke

The Role Of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation StrokeINTRODUCTIONStroke is a rapidly developing clinical signs of central hindrance of cerebral function, lasting more than 24 hours or direct to death with no app atomic upshot 18nt cause other than that of vascular origin (Aho K Harmsen 1980). Stroke is a disease of developed nation and its the third leading cause of death and long term disability all over the populace with an incidence rate of 10 million per year (Sudlow and Warlow 1996). Stroke occurs at any age but it is more common in elderly amid 55 to 85 years of age (Boudewejn Kollen and Gert Kwakkel 2006).Stroke is classified into two types found on the pathology and cause, Ischemic chance event, occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is decreased, leading to dysfunction of the brain tissue in that ara. The ischemia final results when there is Thrombosis, Embolism, Systemic hypoperfusion and venous thrombosis. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when there is accumulation of blood anywhere indoors the skull vault. These hemorrhage results when there is microaneurism, arterio venous mal formation and inflammatory vasculitis (Capildeo and Habermann 1977).Normal cerebral blood flow is approximately 50 to 60 ml/100g/ Minutes and varies in different parts of the brain. When there is ischemia, the cerebral auto-regulatory mechanism allow compensate for the reduction in the cerebral blood flow by local vasodilatation and join on the extraction of oxygen and glucose from the blood. When the Cerebral Blood Flow is reduced to below 20 ml/100g/min, an electrical silence occurs and synaptic activity is greatly humble in an attempt to preserve energy stored. Cerebral blood flow of less than 10ml/100g/min results in irreversible neuronal injury. These neuronal injuries occurs when there is formation of microscopic thrombi, these microscopic thrombi are triggered by ischemia induced activation of destructive vasoactive enzymes that are released by endothelium, platelets and neuronal cells. These result in the development of hypoxic ischemic neuronal injury which is primarily induced by overreaction of some neurotransmitters like glutamate and aspirate. Within an hour of hypoxic-ischemic insult there will be ischemiec penumbra where auto- regulation is ineffective. This degree of ischemia is called window of opportunity, where the neurologic deficit created by ischemia gage be partly or completely reversed. After this layer is a stage of neuronal death, in which the deficit is irreversible (Heros 1994).Functional restrictions resulting from stroke are paralysis of swiftness limb lower berth limb function, cognitive deficit, visual disturbances, disturbance of yard and mobility, spasticity of muscle, loss of co-ordination and speech problems. The loss of velocity period direct is common after stroke with 88% of survivors having some level of upper extremity dysfunction. Basic Activities of Daily Living (ADL) skills are compromised in acute stroke, with 67% to 88% of patients demonstrating partial or complete independence (Amit Kumar Mandall 2009). Muscle weakness, or the unfitness to generate normal levels of force, has clinically been recognized as one of the limiting factors in the beat back replacement of patients with stroke. Following stroke, some patients lose independent bind over select muscle groups, resulting in coupled joint movements that are often inappropriate for the desired task. These coupled movements are known as synergies and, for the upper limb flexor synergy shoulder flexion, adduction, internal rotation, elbow flexion, wrist flexion and riff flexion. Upper limb extensor synergy shoulder, elbow, wrist and finger extension.The rehabilitation of upper extremity is quite challenging. Many therapeutic approaches are currently available in the rehabilitation of upper extremity function. Most ordinarily used treatment approaches are ROODs approach, Sensory repulse appro ach, PNF, Brunnstroms movement therapy, Bobaths technique and neuro developmental therapy. In this Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) is widely used in the rehabilitation of upper extremity function in stroke patients. (Amit Kumar Mandall 2009).PNF is a therapeutic intervention used in rehabilitation which was originally developed to quicken public pre moveation in patients with movement deficits. PNF exercises are based on the stretch reflex which is caused by stimulation of the Golgi tendon and muscle spindles. This stimulation results in impulses being sent to the brain, which leads to the contraction and relaxation of muscles. When a body part is injured, there is a delay in the stimulation of the muscle spindles and Golgi tendons resulting in weakness of the muscle. PNF exercises help to re-educate the motor units which are lost due to the injury. A variety of methods fall under the rubric of PNF, including the exploitation of postural reflexes, the use of gravit y to facilitate movement in weak muscles, the use of eccentric contractions to facilitate agonist muscle activity, hold relax, contract relax, rhythmic stabilization, rhythmic initiation and the use of diagonal movement patterns to facilitate the activation of bi-articular muscles (Etnyre Abraham L D, 1987 Hardy Jones, 1986 Osternig, Robertson, Troxel, Hansen, 1987).TomaszWolny, EdwardSaulicz and RafaGnat in 2009 conducted a randomized control study on the efficacy of proprioceptive neuro-muscular facilitation in rehabilitation for activities of daily life story in late post-stroke patients. In this study sixty four stroke patients were recruited from the neurological rehabilitation centre Subjects for this study were recruited based on some inclusion body body criteria. The patients with loss of sphincter control, loss of mobility, locomotion and communication were include in this study and patients with grade 5 or 6 Repty Functional lndex scale were included in this study. A fter the recruitment of patients, all the 64 patients were randomly divided into two groups, group A (control group) and group B (experimental group). Group A will receive constituted treatment like strong suitening, gait training etc. Group B will receive PNF based exercise. A pre and post mind of the functional status of the stroke patients was done using Repty Functional lndex scale. The treatment will be continued for 21 days for two the groups in the neurological rehabilitation centre. . The data were analyzed using chi-square test. Chi-square was used to study associations between the treatments and changes in the criterion measurements. ANOVA was used to compare the average changes among the two groups. The result of this study showed that PNF-based rehabilitation exercise of late post-stroke patients significantly improved in their ADL functional performance and in locomotion when compared to the control group treated with conventional therapy.Kuniyoshi Shimura.A, Tatsuy a Kasai. B in 2002 conducted a study on Effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on the initiation of voluntary movement and motor evoked potentials in upper limb muscles activity. In this study author investigated the effect of PNF limb positions and neutral limb positions on the initiation of voluntary limb movement and motor evoked potentials in upper limb muscles. In this experimental study the patients were divided into two groups, in experimental group 1 they investigated the effectiveness of PNF by considering the effects of limb position changes on the initiation of voluntary movement in terms of electromyographic reaction times. In experimental group 2 they investigated the effectiveness of no (neutral limb position) movement by considering the effect of limb position changes on the initiation of voluntary movement with electromyographic reaction times. After signing the have the experiment was conducted on the patients. Two upper arm positions used in this st udy, a neutral position (N) and a position facilitating activity of the upper extensor muscles (PNF). The effects of these positions are observed in the EMG. The subject could passively adopt the two upper arm positions using his right (affected) arm by center of especially made arm holders. For each arm position, six blocks of 10 trials were performed. All trials of the firstblock and the first trial of each of the following blocks were excluded from the abbreviation to eliminate start-up effects. In addition, a few trials were discarded because of obvious mistakes in the recording. EMGs were recorded simultaneously from triplet muscles (Brachioradialis, triceps brachii and deltoid) using 3 cm diameter, bipolar, silver surface electrodes connected to an EMG-unit.The result of this study showed that the EMG discharge order differed between the two positions. PNF position improves movement efficiency of the joint by inducing changes in the sequence in which the muscles are activa ted. Hence PNF has an effective role in the initiation of voluntary movement and motor evoked potential in upper limb muscle activity.Pamela Duncan and Lorie Richards et al., in 1998 conducted a study on the effect of Home-Based Exercise Program for Individuals with Mild and Moderate Stroke. In this randomized controlled pilot study, 20 individuals with mild to moderate stroke who had completed acute rehabilitation program and those who were 30 to 90 days after onset of stroke were randomized to a 12-week (first 8-week will be therapist-supervised program and the next 4-week will be independent program) rehabilitation program. After signing the consent form, patients were selected based on some inclusion criteria like (1) 30 to 90 days after stroke (2) minimal or moderately impaired sensorimotor function (3) ambulatory with supervision and/or assistive device (4) living at home and (5) living within 50 miles of the University. The exclusion criteria for this study are (1) a medical condition that interfered with conclusion minds or limited participation in sub maximal exercise program, (2) a Mini-Mental State score The participants for this study were selected and evaluated by a therapist based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. If the subjects agreed to participate in this study, then the basic assessment is done after getting the informed consent. The severity of the stroke were assessed using Orpington Prognostic Scale (Sue-Min Lai and Pamela W. Duncan 1998) and Fugl-Meyer Motor Score (Pamela W Duncan 1982) that includes assessment of motor function of the arm, upper extremity proprioception, coordination, balance, and 10 cognitive questions. The functional assessments are performed using Barthel Index Activities of Daily Living (Fricke and Unsworth 1997) Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Medical Outcomes Study-36 Health Status Measurement (Colleen and John 1992).Functional assessments of balance and gait of the participants were as sessed using 10-Meter Walk, 6-Minute Walk (Kosak and Smith 2005) and Berg Balance Scale (Berg, Wood-Dauphinee and Williams 1995). Upper extremity hand function was evaluated with the Jebsen Test of Hand Function.The Jebsen is a standardized assessment to measure the time taken to perform hand activities. These includes writing a short sentence, turning over 35 cards, picking up small objects, stacking checkers, simulate eating, moving empty large cans, and moving w eighted cans(Jebsen, Taylor, Trieschmann 1969).After baseline assessment the subjects were randomly assigned into two groups, experimental group and control group. In experimental groups the PNF exercise were taught to the patients on day one as an home exercise and they were asked to continue the same exercise as an home program for eight weeks with three visits to the physical therapy department both week. The exercise includes assistive and resistive exercises using Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Patterns and Theraband exercise to the major muscle groups of the upper and lower extremities. Subjects in the control group received usual care as prescribed by the physicians. The subjects of this group were assessed by the research assistant.The demographic data of some(prenominal) the groups were statistically compared using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. The results of this study showed that there is no divergency in the pre and post exercise treatment. There is no change in the upper extremity function and the functional health status in both the experimental group as well as in control group after the treatment interventions.Ruth Dickstein, Shraga Hochman, Thomas Pillar, and Rachel Shaham in 1992 conducted a study on Stroke Rehabilitation with Three Exercise Therapy Approaches. One atomic number 6 and ninety-six hemiplegic patients were randomly selected for this study. All subjects were referred to the physical therapy department of a geriatric-rehabilitation hospital over a period of 1 8 months were admitted to the study. All patients had a recent cerebrovascular accident and came for a rehabilitation program after an average stay of 16 days in a general hospital. Sex distribution was compare with a mean age of 70.5 years. Thirteen physiotherapists were enrolled in the study for exercise administration and the subjects were assigned randomly to each therapist. The data were collected in a separate form, which has two parts first part was used to collect the basic information like age, gender, side affected and location of the damaged artery. The atomic number 16 part was used to record the variable data. Each therapist treated their first vanadium patients with conventional method, next five with PNF method and the last five with Bobath method. All patients were treated for five days a week for six weeks, and each treatment sessions were last for 30 to 45 minutes.The outcomes of each patient are measured before the treatment and every week thereafter. The funct ional independence is measured with Barthal index. Muscle tone of the involved extremitieswas checked by passive movements of the extremities with the patients in supine position. Muscle tone was graded using an ordinal scale composed of five points a) flaccid, b) low, c) normal, d) high, and e) spastic. Ambulatory status of the patient was assessed and classified with a titulary four category scale a) patient does not walk, b) patient walks with an assistive device and persons help, c) patient walks with an assistive device, and d) patient walks independently. The treatment was continued for 6weeks in both the groups. The data were analyzed using chi-square test. Chi-square was used to study associations between the treatments and changes in the criterion measurements. The Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the average changes among the three groups.The results of this study showed that there is no significant difference in the improvement of a ctivities of daily living and in the walking ability. But there is significant difference in the improvement of muscle tone in PNF group and in Bobath group when compared to the conventional treatment group.CONCLUSIONThe poor quality of the trials reviewed severely limits the conclusions that can be drawn. However, it seems that currently there is no evidence, that interventions based on the Proprioceptive Neuro-muscular Facilitation (PNF) are more effective than other approaches. One Study done by Ruth Dickstein on PNF vs. Bobath concluded that PNF exercise given in conjunction with Bobath technique are more effective in improving wrist strength and upper limb function than giving PNF alone. But the outcomes used in these studies are ordinal rating scales, which may not be sensitive tolerable to differentiate the effect of the two techniques. The number of subjects recruited for these studies is very less. We cannot come to conclusion on the effect of PNF in upper limb function wi th these less number of studies.Stroke patients may vary widely on factors such as physical impairments, speech impairments, severity of impairments, cognitive impairments, and also in the individual personality and learning styles. So, we cannot assume that this PNF technique is superior to all other techniques, because we cannot say this technique can be used in individuals with stroke and at every stage of recovery. For example one approach may be effective in initial stage of stroke, but the same approach may not be effective for chronic stroke patients. Factors such as depression, spatial awareness, cognition, comprehension and sensory loss could also have an impact on the result of a technique.In most of the studies there is no exact clinical finding about the problem, size of lesion and the site of lesion. Characteristics of the lesion may explain the variability in responsiveness to the intervention. There is no ideal timing of the interventions, whether the technique shou ld be given in the initial stage or late stage of stroke.In this review on the effect of PNF in upper limb function in stroke, evidence on the current practice is lacking. Because of the lack of evidence on current practice it is very difficult to make a conclusion. Evidence of support and treatment used in these articles is not standard to use in todays health care practice. It is suggested that further studies comparing the effect of PNF with other approaches using sensitive, reliable outcome measures and with homogenous sample size should be done. Therefore it is outstanding that future studies clarify the analysis and interventions used within the PNF technique to enable accurate evaluation of the study. No studies on this review assessed the efficacy and the effectiveness adequately, so further studies should be done to get an effective and optimal approach in the rehabilitation of upper limb function in stroke patients.